Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900)

- Friedrich Lange 1828 – 1875
- Hermann Cohen 1842 – 1918
- Heinrich Rickert (1863 – 1936)

Sociology
- David Émile Durkheim (1858 – 1917)
- Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936)
- Georg Simmel (1858-1918)
- Max Weber (1864-1920)
Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911)